RESEARCH AND CRITIQUE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

RESEARCH AND CRITIQUE - Essay Example In managing a system such as this, the primary side of the IT infrastructure is through the use of the barcode system as it is used to create orders. Fortunately, the technology is readily available, so easily gained that any person can go out on the internet and create a bar code for this type of use. In using a virtual store environment to increase sales and diversify locations without the investment of stock, the management of such a system is minimally necessary and highly dependent on the available external systems of bar code creation and reading. IT Management The good news with creating a bar code system for a virtual outlet concept is that the costs are low and the management of the system is primarily concerned with the calculation of orders and the distribution of product. The application that is used for the system is a free download from a variety of resources for the consumer and the creation of bar codes can be done by anyone who has accessed to the internet and to a s ystem that allows for the complete functionality required. Horizontal service level agreements are created when a company uses an external resource for creating an integral part of their IT business model infrastructure. The problem that can come from a horizontal service agreement is that the service will be limited by the terms of the agreement and collaborative structures may not always be part of the agreed upon items that an external resource is willing to address (Beulan, Ribbers, and Roos. 2011). A company like Tesco uses internal resources in order to handle this side of the process. In creating a system in which sales and order calculations are integrated with inventory and distribution, the company is able to control their system and devote full attention to the issues that arise. On the other hand, a vertical agreement is made for application management. The service is offered on a per application basis is concerned with the whole process and is a much more amenable type of agreement (Beulan, Ribbers, and Roos. 2011). The nature of the agreements are made through this type of encompassing responsibility because an application will not work if the whole process is not attended, thus in this way, the external resources are using the same sort of theory that Tesco has designed, which is an internally controlled system that will work or will be worked on until it does work. This is good business as an application has no value if it does not work. In managing the IT infrastructure for a e-business model concept, a great number of pitfalls can occur. According to Sparrow (2003) the smartest way to manage IT infrastructure is to outsource the management of IT elements selectively. The management of specific parts of an IT system can be sold to different providers. Academic research has shown that the most successful businesses will have selective outsourcing strategies. Tactical outsourcing occurs when specific problems are beyond the capacity of internal resources to manage. Strategic sourcing occurs when a company looks for a designed package of resources from which to outsource their needs, creating the highest level of product for the lowest possible cost by using different sources for different aspects of the structure (Sparrow 2003). In sourcing is, however, almost universal as most businesses will retain some of their IT management in house. It is not always the most reasonable

Passion in Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Passion in Life - Essay Example Without passion for something, life becomes dull and drab. However, the insertion of passion in such a life will brim it with energy and power. Similarly, a lack of passion in a relationship makes it dull and boring. Many people confuse ambition with passion. Passion is the driving force behind the work that an individual does to achieve the goals and ambitions in his life. Passion is a mix of truth, authenticity, enthusiasm and depth. The complex and yet simple nature of this uncontrollable and unbridled emotion is such that it just cannot be faked. Any act lacking sincerity, emotion or enthusiasm just will never be able to exist in the world of the passionate. Passion exudes its own unique energy. Passion is what gives a person solace while doing what they feel so strongly about. A person becomes infatuated with certain things in life, but if there is no passion in it, the act starts to feel too monotonous. The person will eventually get fed up of it and consider all the time spent on it as wasted. However, if the very same thing is done with passion, it embraces one for life. I also a passion in my life and I deeply wish to accomplish it. I have come to realize that the driving force behind everything that I do is the intense desire to give my family a life void of strain and one that promises a better future. Everything I do is now based on this simple thought.

What Is It Governance Information Technology Essay

What Is It Governance Information Technology Essay IT governance is the process for controlling an organisation information technology resource, where these resources are defined to include information and communication systems as well as technology. An organisation management and owners (represented by the board of directors ) share responsibility for governing both enterprise and IT. Enterprise governance is the process of setting and implementing corporate strategy, making sure the organisation achieve its objectives efficiently, and manage risk. It governance is an increasingly important part of enterprise governance because of organisational dependent on information and communication, the scale of IT investment, potential for IT to create strategic opportunities, and the level of IT risk. IT governance also required controlling the process to ensure that it complies with regulatory, legal and contractual requirements. Organisation structure Boards and executive management have long known the need for enterprise and corporate governance. However, most are beginning to realize that there is a need to extend governance to information technology as well, and provide the leadership, organisational structures and processes that ensure that the enterprises IT sustains and extends the enterprises strategies andobjectives. Strategic alignment focuses on ensuring the linkage of business and IT plans; defining, maintaining and validating the IT value proposition; and aligning IT operations with enterprise operations. Value delivery is about executing the value proposition throughout the delivery cycle, ensuring that IT delivers the promised benefits against the strategy, concentrating on optimising costs and proving the intrinsic value of IT. Resource management is about the optimal investment in, and the proper management of, critical IT resources: applications, information, infrastructure and people. Key issues relate to the optimisation of knowledge and infrastructure. Risk management requires risk awareness by senior corporate officers, a clear understanding of the enterprises appetite for risk, understanding of compliance requirements, transparency about the significant risks to the enterprise and embedding of risk management responsibilities into the organisation. Performance measurement tracks and monitors strategy implementation, project completion, resource usage, process performance and service delivery, using, for example, balanced scorecards that translate strategy into action to achieve goals measurable beyond conventional accounting. ITGI: ISACA recognized this shift in emphasis towards IT Governance in 1998, and formed the IT Governance Institute (ITGI) to focus on original research, publications, resources and symposia on IT governance and related topics. In addition to the work carried out by the ITGI, ISACA addresses the topic through a regular column in and occasional dedicated issues of the Information Systems Control Journal, conference sessions and tracks, and education courses. TheIT Governance Institute (ITGI)exists to assist enterprise leaders in their responsibility to ensure that IT goals align with those of the business, it delivers value, its performance is measured, its resources properly allocated and its risks mitigated. Through original research, symposia and electronic resources, the ITGI helps ensure that boards and executive management have the tools and information they need for IT to deliver against expectations. ITGI: ISACA recognized this shift in emphasis towards IT Governance in 1998, and formed the IT Governance Institute (ITGI) to focus on original research, publications, resources and symposia on IT governance and related topics. In addition to the work carried out by the ITGI, ISACA addresses the topic through a regular column in and occasional dedicated issues of the Information Systems Control Journal, conference sessions and tracks, and education courses. TheIT Governance Institute (ITGI)exists to assist enterprise leaders in their responsibility to ensure that IT goals align with those of the business, it delivers value, its performance is measured, its resources properly allocated and its risks mitigated. Through original research, symposia and electronic resources, the ITGI helps ensure that boards and executive management have the tools and information they need for IT to deliver against expectations. Publications: There are two major publications from ISACA in the field of IT Governance. COBIT VALIT COBIT: The Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) is a set of best practices (framework) for information technology (IT) management created by the ISACA, and ITGI in 1996. COBIT provides managers, auditors, and IT users with a set of generally accepted measures, indicators, processes and best practices to assist them in maximizing the benefits derived through the use of information technology and developing appropriate IT governance and control in a company. COBIT supports IT governance by providing a framework to ensure that: IT is aligned with the business IT enables the business and maximises benefits IT resources are used responsibly IT risks are managed appropriately COBIT Framework and IT Governance Areas: COBIT Product: Briefly, the COBIT products include: Board Briefing on IT Governance, 2nd Edition—Helps executives understand why IT governance is important, what its issues are and what their responsibility is for managing it. Management guidelines/maturity models— Help assign responsibility, measure performance, and benchmark and address gaps in capability Frameworks—Organise IT governance objectives and good practices by IT domains and processes, and link them to business requirements Control objectives—provide a complete set of high-level requirements to be considered by management for effective control of each IT process IT Governance Implementation Guide: Using COBIT  ® and Val IT TM, 2nd Edition—provides a generic road map for implementing IT governance using the COBIT and Val ITTM resources COBIT ® Control Practices: Guidance to Achieve Control Objectives for Successful IT Governance, 2nd edition—Provides guidance on why controls are worth implementing and how to implement them IT Assurance Guide: Using COBIT  ®Ã¢â‚¬â€Provides guidance on how COBIT can be used to support a variety of assurance activities together with suggested testing steps for all the IT processes and control VALIT: Val IT is a governance framework that consists of a set of guiding principles, and a number of processes conforming to those principles that are further defined as a set of key management practices. The Val IT framework will be supported by publications and operational tools and provides guidance to: Define the relationship between IT and the business and those functions in the organization with governance responsibilities Manage an organizations portfolio of IT-enabled business investments; and Maximize the quality of business cases for IT-enabled business investments with particular emphasis on the definition of key financial indicators, the quantification of soft benefits and the comprehensive appraisal of the downside risk Val IT addresses assumptions, costs, risks and outcomes related to a balanced portfolio of IT-enabled business investments. It also provides benchmarking capability and allows enterprises to exchange experiences on best practices for value management. Certification: Certified in the Governance of Enterprise Information Technology (CGEIT) is an advanced certification created in 2007 by the ISACA. It is designed for experienced professionals, who can demonstrate 5 or more years of experience, serving in a managing or advisory role focused on the governance and control of IT at an enterprise level. The certification is intended to: support the growing business demands related to IT governance increase the awareness and importance of IT governance good practices and issues define the roles and responsibilities of the professionals performing IT governance work Requirements: To earn the CGEIT credential, an individual must: Pass the CGEIT exam (first exam December 2008) Adhere to the ISACA Code of Professional Ethics Agree to comply with the CGEIT Continuing Education Policy Provide evidence of appropriate IT governance work experience as defined by the CGEIT Job Practice IT Governance experience Five (5) years required: Five (5) or more years of experience managing, serving in an advisory or oversight role, and/or otherwise supporting the governance of the IT-related contribution to an enterprise is required to apply for certification. This experience is defined specifically by the domains and task statements described in the CGEIT Job Practice. Specifically: A minimum of one (1) year of experience relating to the development and/or maintenance of an IT governance framework is required. The type and extent of experience accepted is described in CGEIT domain one (1) (see IT Governance Framework). Additional broad experience directly related to any two or more of the remaining CGEIT domains are required. The type and extent of experience accepted is described in CGEIT domains two (2) through six (6). These domains are:  § Strategic Alignment  § Value Delivery  § Risk Management  § Resource Management  § Performance Measurement Individuals can take the CGEIT exam prior to earning the above work experience. Substitutions for IT governance experience (2 years maximum) To recognize other management experience and/or the achievement of specific IT governance related credentials, advanced (post-graduate) degrees and certificates, up to two (2) years of the five years of required IT governance experience can be substituted. Specifically, each of the following will qualify (substitute) for one (1) year of IT governance experience, with a maximum of two years of substitutions being accepted. Other Management Experience—other management experience that is not specific to IT governance, such as performing consulting, auditing, assurance or security management related duties will qualify for up to one year of substitution. Specific Credentials, Advanced (Post-graduate) Degrees and Certificates—Credentials (in good standing), advanced (post-graduate) degrees and certificate programs which include an IT governance and/or management component or are specific to one or more of the CGEIT domains will qualify for up to one year of substitution. These include: Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) issued by ISACA Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) issued by ISACA Implementing IT Governance using COBIT and Val IT certificate issued by ISACA (available in 2008) ITIL Service Manager certification program Chartered Information Technology Professional (CITP) issued by the British Computer Society Certified Information Technology Professional (CITP) issued by the American Institute of CPAs Project Management Professional (PMP) issued by the Project Management Institute Information Systems Professional (I.S.P.) issued by the Canadian Information Processing Society Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) issued by the Institute of Internal Auditors Certified Business Manager (CBM) issued by The Association of Professionals in Business Management Prince2 Registered Practitioner certificate from the Office of Government Commerce Advanced (post-graduate) degree from an accredited university in governance, information technology, information management or business administration (For example: Masters in Corporate Governance, Masters of Business Administration, Masters in Information and Operations Management, Masters of Information Systems Management, Masters in Information Technology) Exception: Two years as a full-time university instructor teaching IT governance related subjects at an accredited university can be substituted for every one year of IT governance experience. Applicants who have earned/acquired other credentials, advanced (post-graduate) degrees and/or certificates that include a significant IT governance and/or information management component and are not listed above are welcome to submit them to the CGEIT Certification Board for consideration. IT Governance Characteristics Sets direction and oversees compliance and performance Specifies the decision-making authority and accountability to encourage desirable behaviors in the use of IT Is a process for managing and controlling the use of technology to create value Are the rules and regulations under which an IT organization functions Ensures that everyone is playing by the same rules so that the computing environment works for everyone. Road Map for Implementing IT Governance The initial focus for developing an IT Governance Program is identifying needs and governance input rights and decision making based on:    Current state of IT within and supporting business organization and objectives      Internal and external requirements/regulations and applicable best business practices Business Alignment IT Business Executives set the IT Strategy, resolve issues, and shadow IT organizations eliminated Investment Board sets project priorities, costs,   oversees progress, reduced millions $ in costs Change Management and failures impacting users Changes managed actually blocked where not properly vetted or tested Number of user impact failures reduced from 200+ to Number of unauthorized application and infrastructure changes reduced to 1 or less per month Emergency changes reduced to less than 3% of total changes Improved results across the board, accountability built into personal performance evaluations Projects Projects on time, on budget increased by 60+% Improved from 40% SDLC compliance to 100% Technology Standards and architecture established and enforced via tech reviews reduced number of system software tools by over 50% 100% of the equipment on the network identified and none added unless authorized 24 hour server back-ups improved from 95% to 99.9% Security patches being performed within 24 hours of approval â€Å"System Admin Accounts† reduced by over 50% Governing Document Framework SAMPLE Conclusion: As we have discussed that in todays business environment information is the most valuable asset, therefore in order to protect the information we require a profound infrastructure that enables us to not only secure the information we have but to validate that information as well, plus enable the organization towards IT.

The two peaces of poetry I have studied by Seamus Heaney include Essay

The two peaces of poetry I have studied by Seamus Heaney include Follower and The Early Purges. Heaney's poems both relate back to his younger, adolescent life. In the poem 'Early purges', he describes young kittens being drowned on the farm. His maturity is shown when he says with perception, "And now, when shrill pups are prodded to drown, I just shrug, ' Bloody pups' ". But we are shown that he is still careless now, as well in a casual way by saying "I just shrug". He is also unsympathetic, and justifies his actions like Dan. He is now older, looking back and changed. The language used by Heaney also expresses the fact that little was thought of these so-called nuisances. He says they are 'slung' and Dan Taggart describes them as 'scraggy wee shits'. This shows how unsympathetic he was and how the kittens needn't be cared about. Seamus Heaney also tries to describe the habitual drowning of small kittens. Again, he tries to use language to appeal more and give us a better personal picture of events. For instance, when describing the kittens, just after their death, he quite brightly says, 'Like wet gloves they bobbed and shone till he sluiced them out on the dunghill, glossy and dead'. Glossy and dead are two contrasting words - 'glossy' is a healthy appearance, but its only because the water drowned the kittens, where the word 'death' comes in. Heaney goes on to say 'watching the three sogged remains turn mealy and crisp as old summer dung'. This is very imagery language, and maybe quite disturbing, although I think it adds more atmosphere to the poem, because summer is supposed to be happy and fresh, whereas dung isn't. And 'turn mealy and crisp', which gives the impression that he tried to pr... ...side with Heaney. The arguments put up by Dan Taggart, such as "Sure isn't it better for them now?" are seen to be realistic later on in the poem when Heaney says, "It makes sense". The images which he uses, however, encourage us to sympathise with him, such as "Suddenly frightened, for days I sadly hung round the yard" where we picture a small boy frightened at the power of adults over the poor helpless animals. This poem again, like "Follower" shows that life in the country can be very difficult, especially if you have to kill small animals, but if you work hard, then the farm will run better. Both poems have main themes, and they are very similar to eachother. It is all about the hard work involved in running a farm, the relationship between the father and son, and the expectation that profession and skills will be carried on throughout the family.

Mrs. Beth Namara

Encouraging an individual to communicate their needs, preferences and personal beliefs affecting their personal care is very important in health and social care. As care workers we have to always consider people’s preferences even if it is not what we would like as individuals. There may be cultural considerations that I might need to think about as a person but this does not stop me from encouraging an individual to communicate what they want.When I realize that the service user is not able to communicate their needs, preferences and personal beliefs with ease, I am always patient and give them more time or use other methods of communication to find out. (58. 1. 1) As a care worker it is my responsibility to promote effective communication at work by being able to understand both verbal and non verbal messages the service users use. I know how to communicate well with the service users and to listen to their needs attentively in order to understand the message they put forwar d for me.For example I maintain eye contact all the time with the person I am talking to, listen carefully, use my body gestures to show them that I am listening and interested in what they are telling me. This gives them the assurance that I am listening to what they are telling me and I respect what they are telling me. (58. 1. 1) Sometimes I ask the family, friends or previous care workers for advice or seek for information about their needs, preferences and personal beliefs. For instance some service users prefer a bath to a shower or a strip wash, I have to respect that even If I feel that it is more practical to have a shower than a bath.Some service users prefer to have a bath three times a week I respect their choice and do exactly what pleases them as long as it is what they want and it is their choice. I avoid imposing my own views on them even if their choices conflict with what I feel is right. (58. 1. 1) Some service users have their religious beliefs or cultural needs regarding their personal care , It is my responsibility to always find out about these beliefs and respect them to avoid offending the service users I support and their family without intending to do so.There are some service users who prefer care workers to be of the same gender as them. For example there is a female service user who does not accept male carer workers in her house. This is respected by the company I work for and every service provided to her has to be a female because that is what she prefers (58. 1. 1) In conclusion , by listening to what the service users want or prefer , following their choices or getting information and advice from their family and friends is very important in health and social. By doing this, the service users will be satisfied with the level of the care they receive.In order to be able to provide support for personal care safely, care workers have to know how to help the individuals understand the reasons for hygiene and safety precautions. S ource of support in personal care can influence people’s habits and values, for instance some service users bathe or shower daily while for others it is twice a week or once. People’s attitudes to the care of their teeth, hair, nails, shaving also differs and it my duty as a care worker to explain to them the reasons for hygiene and safety precautions. (58. 2.1) Service users who usually have little contact with the public are not so much into grooming themselves like those who keep going out to mix with others. Those who stay home most of the time are usually less motivated to pay attention to personal hygiene. For example one of the service users I support is disabled but very active, he is involved in many charity organisations and loves going out to socialize at different events. He pays too much attention to his hair, teeth, nails and shaving so that he can look his best all the time.When ever I am doing his personal care I do everything according to his choice as longer as it is in line with the safety and hygiene policy of health and social care. As a care worker it is my responsibility to promote healthy and safe practice in relation to hygiene rather than imposing my own standards to service users I support daily. (58. 2. 1) I do make sure that the skin of an individual is washed and kept clean because any breaks to it leads to a risk of infections entering the body.I know very well that the outer layer of the skin is constantly being renewed, the shed cells are replaced with new cells. The skin also produces sweat and sebaceous glands that produce sweat and other oily substances that maintains the water proofing of the skin. If I do not take good care of it the dried sweat, dead skin and sebum can build up and be a breeding area of a range of bacteria or leading to bad smell which can be unpleasant. (58. 2. 1) I always make sure that the teeth of the service users are cleaned at least twice a day so that food particles can be  removed .If the teeth are not cleaned properly this can lead to mouth infection, tooth decay and gum disease caused by the decomposed food particles. It is my responsibility as a care worker to support the individual to understand the reason for keeping their teeth clean or oral care hygiene. (58. 2. 1) I do make sure their hair is washed and dried properly, most of the people I support are aged and their hair is dry and more brittle. I use mild shampoo with conditioner mostly to wash the hair then rinse it well and dry it.Some prefer their hair to be dried with the hand drier and others demand that I use the towel to dry it. Some service users get hair care services from hair dressers and it is my responsibility to ring and book for them hair appointments. (58. 2. 1) When I am doing hair care, i check for head lice which can be easily spread between people who have close head to head contact. Well conditioned hair makes it more difficult for the eggs to latch on to the hair. In conclusion, personal hygiene is not only about preventing the spread of infection, it also improves the way people feel about themselves.Service users usually feel better when I give them a bath or a shower, washed hair and cleaned boost their self esteem. The feedback I get from them shows that they really feel good after a nice bath, creaming, hair care, oral care and clean clothing. As a care worker it is my duty to promote and demonstrate good hygiene practices and be positive role models. Some service users I support need to be sensitively reminded and educated about hygiene and I do that when I see it is necessary the person has no idea about the importance of hygiene. (58. 2. 1)It is very important that I use protective equipments, protective clothing and hygiene techniques all the time when I am doing personal care in order to minimize the risk of infection. Germs can spread very easily from one person to another especially if they get onto clothes, hair, beddings and other materials. Therefore, it is my responsibility to limit the spread of infection by making sure I use correct precautions such as washing and protective equipment, gloves and aprons when supporting people with personal care to reduce the spread of infection.Most of the service users I support are aware of these universal precautions that they are in place to protect them and everyone involved from infections. I also apply hand gel to clean my hands and rinse my hands when I remove gloves and put them in the correct bin provided according to waste disposal policy. (58. 2. 2) I use protective equipments all the time when dealing with bodily fluids, clinical wastes or hazardous substances . Then after I dispose all used personal protective clothing either in the bag supplied by health services or in a plastic bag which I tie up and place in the main bin.I also make sure that I put the dirty laundry such as soiled bedding or clothes in the correct laundry bag provided to use. I avoid putting the dir ty laundry or the soiled linen on the floor because the soiled linen can spread infection. More to that , I always use people’s own toiletries when helping them with personal care, I do this mostly when I am supporting some one in a communal or a sheltered home. Germs can harbor in creams, make up, combs, hair bands, hats, hair nets and can easily spread from person to person if shared.Sharing toiletries and equipments among so many people also compromises a person’s individuality. As a care worker my own hygiene has also to be of high standard, I make sure I wear clean clothes each day which have been washed and ironed properly. After worker I change into a clean wear to go in home and this helps to reduce the spread of infections. Each day work clothes are washed separately from other clothes in the house, I use a hot wash and conditioner to kill all the germs and bacteria. (58. 2. 2)Reporting concerns about the safety and hygiene of equipments or facilities used for personal care to the manager or any body else concerned is very important not only for the safety of the service user but for the carer and others people involved. (58. 2. 3) Facilities and equipments used for personal care have to be in good working order, safe and clean to use otherwise, there can be accidents. As a care worker I also have a responsibility under health and safety law to ensure the safety of all people using the premises, I have to be observant so that I do not put anyone at risk of danger or harm.I have to make sure that equipments are checked regularly and all electrical equipments are tested and confirmed to be safe. As a care worker I have to be familiar with the correct working of equipment, such as the hoist, the chair lift, the electric bath chair and others because this will help me to know when things are not right. (58. 2. 3) I do make sure that I check every equipment before use and I do not use anything that might cause harm. If I check and notice that the equipment is faulty, I take them out of use make report and record the faulty as my employer’s policy or social and health care policy requires me to do.I know very well that dripping taps can be a hazard and if hot water drips from a tap while a person is bathing the service user can suffer serious burns. I also report other concerns like those of sharp edges on bath seats which can cause skin tears not only to the service user but to the carer and other people. (58. 2. 3) I do also report Items such as dirty or unhygienic bath mat, commodes, bath hoists, electric bath chairs and other unclean items that can easily spread infections to my manager or any other appropriate person.For the dirty bath tub, I do make sure that I scrub it with the cleaning materials before using it, this reduces the level of infection and makes the bathing place clean and pleasant to use. During the induction, I was told the benefit of reporting any concern about the safety and hygiene of equi pments or facilities, If I do not report it, that means I will be answerable in case of any thing, therefore, in order for me to cover my back in case of anything happens, I have to make sure I report to my manager or supervisor about any concern. (58. 2. 3)Control and exposure to hazardous waste is taken seriously in health and social care, this is about protecting the carer workers, the service users and others against hazardous substances such as the bleach, incontinence materials and other body wastes. COSHH is an abbreviation for Control of substances Hazardous to Health, the dangers of using such substances can be skin irritation, nose and throat irritation, allergic reactions and inhalation. (58. 2. 5) Waste materials I encounter during my daily care job include urine, feaces, incontinence pads, catheter and stoma bags, sanitary items, sputum, vomit and blood.During the induction it was clearly explained to me and other carer workers who attended that such body wastes should not pose any risk therefore, it should be wrapped properly, ensure that it is free from any excess liquid and disposed off properly. (58. 2. 5) All waste materials have to be handled with care because there are risks involved such as contracting gastrointestinal infections resulting in diarrhea and vomiting.The policy also emphasizes that all care workers  should know that it is important to safely dispose the waste because other people have to deal with it after it is disposed. Therefore, it is my duty as a care worker to make sure all the waste is wrapped and disposed in a bag or container provided. According to my work place policy, bags containing wastes should not be overfilled as these can be a risk to moving and handling as well as splitting open and contamination. Therefore, I always make sure the waste bags are filled up to the right and recommended level then tie them properly and make them ready for disposal.Keeping people safe is my priority as a care worker , liquid w astes such as urine, feaces, vomit and blood I dispose them in any normal sewage system, Incontinence pads, sanitary items, wound dressings, used gloves and aprons I dispose them in the yellow bag, soiled foul linen in the red bag which has inner dissolvable liner. I put the linen in the white bag which is usually provided for it, dispose house hold waste in the black bag and the sharp equipments such as needled and pins in the yellow sharps box.I make sure before I handle any wastes, I wear my apron, gloves and after I wash my hands properly. (58. 2. 5) Supporting individuals to make themselves clean and tidy after using toilet facilities is my responsibility as a care worker. After assisting service users to use toilet facilities, I have to make sure that, I support them to cleanse thoroughly to prevent them from becoming sore. I know very well, if the traces of feaces and urine are not cleaned properly can cause soreness and infections.I always make sure that there is enough toil et paper and wipe the service user from front to back, this is referred to as the correct way because it prevents traces of feaces being drawn towards the vagina and urethra which can cause infections. (58. 3. 2) There are individuals who always ask for running water to cleanse themselves after using the toilet this is either their culture or it is according to their religious faith. This is very common with service users who are Muslims by faith or have a culture of washing themselves after toileting rather than using toilet tissue.When the bidet facilities are not available, I provide them with water in small buckets or big bottles to wash themselves after using the toilet. Some of the service users I support prefer using moist baby wipes or toilet tissues after suing the toilet. (58. 3. 2) Most of the female service users use feminine wipes because they are soft, gentle and non irritant to clean their genitals after using the toilet. I always make sure a hand washing liquid is re adily available and I encourage the service users to use it to wash their hands properly.Some of my service users do not like to wash their hands after using the toilet, in this case I do remind them about the importance of washing hands. It is my responsibility to ensure that soap and hand washing liquid is provided at all the sinks in the house to make it easy for the service users to wash thoroughly, then a hand towel is provided for drying the wet hands. In conclusion, it my duty as a care worker to support individuals to make themselves clean and tidy after using toilet facilities. (58. 3. 2)Whenever, I enter service user’s home, after checking if the individual is ok, I check the room temperature to make sure it is ok for the person I am going to support. Sometimes I do ask them if the temperature is the right one or there is need to regulate it. This depends on what they want at that time, I usually do this in winter season or when the weather is too cold for the indiv idual. I also make sure the area where personal care is going to take place is warm and free from draughts. First, I close the windows then after prepare and make sure the heating is on to warm the room.  (58. 4. 1)After a bath or a wash most service users feel cold , therefore, it is my duty to make sure that I keep their bodies warm. I usually spread their towels and clothes on the sides of the radiator to take the chill off and make sure they are not too hot. I also ensure that the spread clothes are just on the sides and do not block the warm air flow from the radiator into the room. When ever I am running baths, I run the cold water first and then the hot water last, the reason why I do this is because hot water can cause serious burns or scalds to service users.I was warned by my manager to be careful when running hot water in the bath because a number of burns accidents or scalds in the health and social care sector have been reported to the health and safety Executives. (5 8. 4. 1) The hand book about guidelines on safe water temperatures were handed to all the care workers who attended the induction with me. The people I support are vulnerable and more at risk of burns, some of them have dementia, others are old with health problems like diabetes. All those mentioned may not be able to judge or control the water temperatures on their own.Most of the people I support have limited mobility and cannot be able to get out of the bath quickly if the water is to hot, therefore it is my duty to always do risk assessment before taking anyone for a bath and take measures to reduce the risks. I make sure the water is at an appropriate temperature, for the bath it has to be 44 °C, for the shower it has to be 41 °C, for the wash basin it has to be 41 °C and 38 °C for a bidet. Thermometers are provided for the care workers to check the water temperature, it is my duty to report the water that is not within the recommended temperatures.It is also my respons ibility not to leave the tap running because this does not only waste water but can also cause scalds. Service users do not only need support in baths but also in oral care to prevent tooth decay and other dental problems. (58. 4. 1) As a care workers, It is my responsibility to encourage and support service users to manage their own personal care so that they are independent as much as possible. Supporting personal hygiene activities in ways that maintain comfort, respect, dignity and promoting active participation is very important in health and social care.It is my responsibility to find out how much a service user can do independently, I usually get this information from their care plan , family or friends and by being observant as individuals’ condition and needs keep changing. (58. 5. 1) I encourage service users to participate actively and help them by giving the right level of support. For example, those who can manage to clean themselves after toileting I let them do it independently and some who are not able to, I give them the required support while maintaining respect and dignity.I avoid giving less support to those who need it because this leads to individuals feeling neglected or not supported. I know very well it is also not good to give too much support that is not required because this takes away individuals independence. I make sure whatever I do for the service user shows respect and dignity, I avoid taking over their independence because this shows disrespect or devaluing an individual. (58. 5. 1) I make sure that I offer the service users the opportunity to use toilet facilities before they wash, bathe or get a shower, this helps in minimizing unnecessary hustle or pain that can be caused by movements.I ensure that individuals, who are experiencing pain, do not move unnecessarily and the prescribed pain killers are given to them before the shower, bath or any wash. By doing this I am maintaining comfort, showing maximum respect and dignity. (58. 5. 1) I always make sure that the area where the personal hygiene is going to take place is private, I get all the required materials to use ready before hand, offer the service users a choice to decide on their own what they prefer, either a bath or a shower and I respect their cultural and religious beliefs.When it comes to toileting I always ask them to find out which kind of toiletries they like to use, I ensure all the equipments for use are safe and in good order. I do find out how much the service user can do independently, make sure the person knows how to call for help in case they need it and I do not rush them. Last but not least I give them maximum respect and dignity which is very important because this makes them feel secure, loved and cared for properly. Some times an occupational therapist can be needed to offer the service user advice on how to use some equipments and how they can manage independently.  (58. 5. 1)Most of the individuals I support liv e in their own homes and some are in sheltered accommodation but in separate apartments. After doing laundry work, I sort clothes properly, put all the clean ones neatly on hangers and in drawers. I always make sure that service users’ hair combs and brushes are kept clean after use, sometimes I encourage service users to remove any hair in them as a way of killing boredom.For example last week I used the following sentences to encourage Mrs. T to clean her hair equipments â€Å"It seems your combs needs your attention Mrs.  T, can you have a look† she laughed so loud and immediately started to remove the hair and dust from them. (58. 5. 2) I do make sure that all the old creams and make up are discarded because they can harbor germs and cause infections. Some of the service users do no like throwing away their stuff, therefore in this case i use persuasive words such as â€Å"Mrs. J, don’t you think this old cream or make up will cause an irritation on your skin, it is not advisable to use any cream if it is expired†.I always make sure that I hand a tissue to the service user to use and remind them that make up can create stains on clothes which can be difficult to remove or wash clean. For example, Ms. L was putting nail vanish on her finger nails, I gave her a napkin to protect her skirt from the vanish spills, at first she did not want to use it, but I said to her with a smile that â€Å"Ms L, let me hope you this skirt will not be in the bin on Friday†. She asked me, why? I replied to her, I do not this vanish we will be able to remove this vanish from this fabric once it spills there.She immediately asked for the napkin to protect her beautiful skirt from the vanish stains. (58. 5. 2) I do make sure individuals I support use clean razors which are in working order and foils of electric and safety razors used for wet shaves are clean and not blunt. Some service users have a tendency of not discarding their razors even if they are blunt, in this case I use my persuasive communication language to help me sensitize them about the dangers of using such gadgets.For instance Mr.  G had an attachment to his Phillips old shaving razor despite of the fact that it was blunt and not working properly, I said to him in a calm and polite way that his razor was responsible for his blisters that come up after every shave. He defended his razor and suggested changing the after shave, I made it clear to him that his idea will not solve the problem unless the new razor was bought. I gave him the names of places like Argos where he can get the same razor on sale and cheap, he listened to my advice and replaced the old one. (58. 5.2) I encourage individuals who prefer doing their personal care independently to keep their combs, shaving razors, make up, creams and clothes in their respective places because this makes their rooms to look neat and organized. By giving them praises such as well done Ms. L your bathroom and bed room look very beautiful today and everything is in order, such statements motivate them. For those who cannot tidy their rooms or bathrooms, it is my responsibility to do it for them the way they like them to be. Some Individuals like their personal care items to be near them all the time or on the table next to their chair.If it is their choice I do respect it as longer as they are safe and will not be harmed by any item. (58. 5. 2) During the training and the induction as care workers we were trained to tell what is normal for an individual and what is not, this helps in preventing discomfort or any serious health problem happening. Because of individuality, what is normal to Mr. J can be abnormal to Mrs. M and it is always my duty to notice and note any changes or concerns and report immediately. Since my work involves providing daily support to service users, I can easily tell if there is even any slight change in some oneshealth. (58. 6. 2) For instance I know the nor mal urine has to be clear and straw coloured, however it usually stronger in the morning and appears more yellowish or orange. I understand very well that passing urine should be pain less and normal, if I observe that the individual is finding it difficult, I report to the manager immediately. If I realize the individual’s urine is cloudy and smells fishy, this is a sign that the individual has an infection. I report this immediately to the manager and write it down in the log sheet.Sometimes I do contact the individual’s doctor to book an appointment for the service user to be examined. For example some months ago I noticed that Mr. D’s colour of urine had traces of blood, I informed my manger who told me to ring the service user’s GP and book a medical appointment for him. Later on it was found out that he had the infection in his urethra which was treated and his urine colour is normal now. (58. 6. 2) I always record any abnormal urine colour in the l og sheet and report to my manager or the supervisor the concerns immediately.I make sure the service user is informed of any abnormality or changes in their urine and for those who are independent I always keep reminding them to check the colour of their urine and inform me if they have any concerns. As with urine, what is normal feaces with one service user may be abnormal for another, therefore, it very important that i keep an eye on the colour and texture of their feaces. If I observe that the feaces of the service user are dry that means they are constipated, then I have to encourage them to take fluids and to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.During the food and nutrition course, we were trained that it is important to give service users a diet of food with enough fibre to prevent constipation. (58. 6. 2) Laxatives have been prescribed to some service users with constipation problem, I was advised to always record the food and drink taken by each service user. I usually ask the service how their stool nature is and if they are going toilet normally. Doctors have often been referring service users to dieticians so that they can recommend changes to their diets.Since most of the people I support are elderly, I have not been encountering women of child bearing age who need help with their menstruation periods. But still I do support ladies to keep themselves hygienically clean as women. I support them to wear panty liner or incontinence pads. to keep themselves clean. (58. 6. 2) Recording and reporting on an individual’s personal care in agreed ways is very important in health and social care. According to my work place, all care workers must record any personal care if necessary they can be asked to report what has been done as personal care .It is vey important to record accurately on any sort of support that I give service users and note down all the health changes that I notice. The organisation I work for provided each service user with a care plan and a log sheet. It is the log sheet where each and every task done daily has to be recorded down and the name of the carer signed against it.. (58. 6. 3) As a care work I have to make sure that the recorded information is accurate because there could be serious consequences as a result of poor record keeping.For example one service user declined a bath and I recorded it down, but when the social worker came to visit him, he complained that he has not been getting personal care. The recorded bit of information worked against him because I had put down all the excuses he was giving me to avoid a bath. When they read for him what was in the log sheet he remembered that he was the one who declined a bath but not me the care worker who did not do my duty properly. By recording all that information saved me so much or else I could have faced the disciplinary committee or expelled from work. (58. 6.  3)According to my work place policy all the recorded information has to be true, for instance there is a care worker who was suspended because of recording what he had not done. He recorded what was to be done on Friday in the log sheet on Wednesday, unfortunately the service user was rushed to the hospital on Thursday night by the ambulance. On Friday morning the carer did not turn up because he had to do his private business, the office was called by the family member of that service user to inform them that his door locked door was locked and is in the hospital the carer should not go in on Friday.When the social worker read the information in the service user’s log book was showing the carer was in the house Friday and found the service user ok which was not true. The manager was informed about the contradicting information in the log book then the care worker was called to the office to come and explain what exactly happened and found all the inaccurate information, it was considered to be fraud because the care worker wanted to earn money he had not worked for. Dishonesty is not allowed when recording information and he was warned after facing the disciplinary committee. (58. 6. 3)

Food Culture Difference

? ? ? ? ? ? Differences Between Chinese and Western Food Culture ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Abstract Food plays an irreplaceable role in the development of society and the progress of human civilization. It is an essential prerequisite for human existence. However, different nations have different food and food habits. That is because they have different culture, especially food culture. Only within the context of each individual culture can food and food habits be best understood.This thesis expounds the important function of food culture between different countries’ cultural communication by analyzing Chinese and Western food culture. By examining these differences, we can improve our ability in cultural communication. Food culture is a special cultural phenomenon. By the process of people’s studies, people know food culture from one side to the study of different culture backgrounds, customs and historical environments.This thesis endeavors to analyze the cultural differenc es and their root causes in Chinese and Western food cultures from the perspective of concept, etiquette and content, and points out that with the development of cross-cultural communication, more communication and interaction will arise between Chinese and western food cultures and they will develop together. Key words: value conception; feature; etiquette; Chinese food culture; western food culture ( : 3-5? , , ; , ; , , ) ? ? , , , , , , , , , : ; ; ; ; ( , 3-5? , , ; , , ) Contents Abstracti ? ? ii 1. Introduction1 2. Different Values in Chinese and Western Food Culture1 . 1 Collectivism in Chinese food culture1 2. 1. 1 Collective orientation1 2. 1. 2 Collective orientation in Chinese food culture2 2. 2 Individualism in western food culture2 2. 2. 1 Individualistic orientation2 2. 2. 2 Individualistic orientation in western food culture3 3. Different Features in Chinese and Western Food Culture3 3. 1 Extravagance in Chinese3 3. 2 Simplicity in western food culture3 4. Differ ent Etiquette in Chinese and Western Food Culture4 4. 1 Different time-conceptions in Chinese and western food culture4 4. 1. 1 â€Å"M-time† and â€Å"P-time†4 4. 1. 2 Lateness in Chinese food culture4 . 1. 3 Punctuality in western food culture5 4. 2 Different seating arrangement5 4. 2. 1 The south and north seating arrangement in Chinese food culture5 4. 2. 2 The right and left seating arrangement in western food culture6 5. Different Consents in Chinese and Western Food Culture6 5. 1 Different drink in Chinese and western food culture6 5. 1. 1 Liquor and tea in Chinese food culture6 5. 1. 2 The wine and beer in western countries7 5. 2 Different main food in Chinese and western food culture7 5. 3 Different banquet course in Chinese and western food culture8 5. . 1 Banquet course in China8 5. 3. 2 Banquet course in western food culture8 5. 4 Different tableware in Chinese and western food culture9 5. 4. 1 Chopsticks in Chinese food culture9 5. 4. 2 Fork and knife in w estern food culture9 5. 5 Different cuisine naming10 5. 5. 1 Cuisine naming in China10 5. 5. 2 Cuisine naming in western food culture11 5. 6 Different healthy conceptions in Chinese and western food culture11 5. 6. 1 Healthy conception in Chinese food culture11 5. 6. 2 Healthy Conception in western food cultures12 6. Conclusion13 Bibliography14 Acknowledgements15 : , ;1. 5 ? : ( ) , , , ; ? , ; ? 1. Introduction Culture is a historical phenomenon. It is the summation of civilization and a mental picture which can be created in the progress of a nation’s development. This thesis expounds the important function of food culture between different cultures by analyzing Chinese food and Western food. By examining these differences, we can improve our ability in cultural communication.The contact between different countries becomes much tighter through the incorporation of a global economy. At the same time, the cultural communications become more important in the big distance between these two cultures. The distinction between cultural communications become more and more evident and the study of Chinese and Western food culture is an important part of it. Food is a special phenomenon, people having knowledge of food from one side of the study of different cultural backgrounds, customs and historical environment by study. We all know that different nations have different cultures.This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in Chinese and western countries. Chinese food culture in this thesis mainly refers to the one in the Han nationality. As we know, China is a nation with 56 ethnic groups, each of which has its own unique food and food habits. The Han nationality and its culture are the mainstream in China due to historical, political and economic reasons. Western food culture in this thesis is mainly concerned with the British one due to the fact that its cultural pattern and influence have become dominant in the west, which is generally recogni zed by the world. 2.Different Values in Chinese and Western Food Culture 2. 1 Collectivism in Chinese food culture 2. 1. 1 Collective orientation In China, collective orientation with deep roots can be traced back to ancient time. Confucius points out, â€Å"If one wants to establish himself, he should help others to establish themselves at first. † in which collectivism is appreciated. â€Å"Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor† shows the fact that everything in China is branded with collectivism. In such collectivistic culture, a â€Å"we† consciousness prevails, and people are expected to be interdependent and show conformity to the group’s norms and values.Group goals usually take precedent over individual goals, and the primary value is to seek harmony with others. Actually, group harmony is so highly valued that obedience to, and compliance with, in groups pressures is routine. (Neuliep, 2000:33) 2. 1. 2 Collective orientation in Chinese food culture This collectivistic orientation also plays an important role in Chinese food culture. Normally, Chinese people would like to take the style of â€Å"sharing† when they have a dinner together, whether at home with family members or outside with friends. As Vera Y. N. Hsu describes, â€Å"The typical Chinese dining table is round or square.The ts’ai dishes are laid in the center, and each participant in the meal is equipped with a bowl of â€Å"fan†, a pair of chopsticks, a saucer, and a spoon. All at a table take from the ts’ai dishes as they proceed with the meal. Good eating manners require each participant take equally from the different ts’ai dishes, so that all will have an equal chance at all the dishes. † (Chang, 1977:304) When the dinner starts, the host usually shows a menu to guests asking them to order the dish they like before making the final decision. When a dinner comes to an end, participants always strive to pay the bill unless someone has claimed it in advance.The â€Å"truth of sharing† reflects almost everywhere from the dinner start to the end. 2. 2 Individualism in western food culture 2. 2. 1 Individualistic orientation It is well known that Great Britain tends toward individualism. Individualism refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth-century English philosopher John Locke, that each individual is unique, special, completely different from all other individuals, and â€Å"the basic unit of nature†. (Samovar 2000:62) Therefore, in individualistic culture, an â€Å"I† consciousness prevails, and emphasis is placed on an individual goal over group goals.This value orientation stresses individual initiative and achievement, and individual decision-making is highly appreciated. 2. 2. 2 Individualistic orientation in western food culture Western food culture is characterized by the â€Å"separated’ style because of the great influence of the individualistic orientation. It is contrary to the â€Å"sharing† style in Chinese food culture in many ways. For example, westerners do not take the ts’ai dishes from the public plate, but have separate individual plates. The way of â€Å"going Dutch† is widely taken when the bill is to be paid, which means everyone pays his own share.The role of individualism in Western food culture is obvious and its influence is self-evident. 3. Different Features in Chinese and Western Food Culture 3. 1 Extravagance in Chinese Chinese food culture is probably much older than any other kind of food cultures. Few cultures are as food oriented as Chinese culture. The most common example is the greeting used among Chinese people when they encounter: â€Å"Have you eaten? † food plays so important a role in people’s daily life that it inevitably becomes an ostentatious way because of face (or â€Å"mianzi† in China).So the extravagance and exquisitene ss become the main features of Chinese food. Face in China involves a claim for respect and dignity from others. Losing one’s face is one of the worst ways to injure one’s self-esteem. The banquet is also influenced by the â€Å"face† system. They are no longer a social occasion just for meeting or eating, but to some extent, a good chance for the host to show off his power and earn his face. The more expensive or precious the food is, the more dignity the host has, the more the quantity of dishes in a banquet, the warmer hospitality can be shown, and the more â€Å"face† he can earn.In this sense, formal banquets in China have one thing in common: there should be more than enough food on the table. Otherwise the host will lose face. That leads directly to the extravagant food culture. 3. 2 Simplicity in western food culture Compared with extravagant banquets in China, the scale of banquets in western countries is much smaller. That is because the belief in food in western countries is mainly focused on function as necessity for human beings survival or a way of communication.For example, in a party, the host usually does not prepare food and drinks and serves some simple food only like cheese, sandwiches, fruits etc. For most Westerners, this is a good opportunity for communication and reunion, or a great occasion where they can strengthen relationships and make new friends. What they actually care about is the casual, harmonious and joyous atmosphere, the maximum freedom and relaxation they can enjoy at the banquet. 4. Different Etiquette in Chinese and Western Food Culture 4. 1 Different time-conceptions in Chinese and western food culture 4. 1. â€Å"M-time† and â€Å"P-time† Edward T. Hall, who is well known for his discussion of time across cultures, proposes that cultures organize time in one of two ways: either monochronic (M-time) or polychronic (P-time) (Hall, 1989:46). He also points out that M-time is the c haracteristic of people from western countries, while P-time is the characteristic of people from Asia, Africa and Latin America ( ,1999:93). The two conceptions are incompatible. We can see the sharp contrast between P-time and M-time from the lateness in Chinese food culture and the punctuality in western food culture. . 1. 2 Lateness in Chinese food culture People in the P-time cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into fixed segments. They treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time. Therefore, in these cultures, personal interaction and relationship developments are far more important than making appointments or meeting deadline. China is a country with P-time. Chinese people are usually a little later than what is scheduled when participating in some activities like banquets.Normally, they would be half an hour late. The host will arrange some entertainments, such as playing card s or chatting. Tea and various desserts like candy, cakes etc. are served for the guests who have arrived on time to kill time. Both the host and guest get used to that and would not interpret this kind of lateness as an impolite behavior. However, this conception changes sometimes. With the development of cross-cultural communication, more and more Chinese people, especially the young, are gradually influenced by the M-time in western countries. 4. 1. 3 Punctuality in western food cultureUnlike Chinese people, people in M-time cultures tend to follow precise scheduling. Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people should take it seriously. Usually, everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal meeting or banquet. It is also acceptable that people can be a little late sometimes, but no more than 10 minutes, otherwise this behavior will be regarded as inappropriate by both the host and other guests, and one will have to give a proper explanation. The one wh o violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously in M-time culture. 4. Different seating arrangement Samovar pointed out that â€Å"Culture influences even the manner and meaning in seating arrangement†. So seating arrangement is an important means of giving different explanations on social status or interpersonal relations. With regard to seating arrangement in a banquet, there exist some major distinctive disparities between Chinese and Western food culture. 4. 2. 1 The South and north seating arrangement in Chinese food culture In China, the seat facing south in a banquet is usually regarded as the most important, while the seat facing north is comparatively less important.It is because of traditional Chinese culture. China is an old country with a long history of more than five thousand years. There used to be many dynasties. Whatever the dynasty, the emperor always sat with facing south during the ceremony of the royal inauguration or in the process of disc ussing governmental affairs with ministers. On the other hand, the ministers were all facing north when they met the emperor. Gradually, the word â€Å"south† has been elevated into a position relatively high in Chinese people’s minds, and it symbolizes the supreme authority, power and position.By contrast, the position of the word â€Å"north† is much lower. Therefore, in a formal banquet, the seats that face south undoubtedly will be reserved for those who are respectable or powerful. 4. 2. 2 The right and left seating arrangement in western food culture In Western countries, the seating arrangement is quite different. In the past, the most distinguished guest was seated on the left side of the host. The reason is that in ancient times there were many assassinations for political and social reasons, and assassins held daggers in their right hands to attack.It was convenient and easier for the host to protect the guest who was on his left hand when the assassin attacked. However, with the development of civilization, this old style of assassination has been extinct for a long time and the seating arrangement also changed. Nowadays, what Westerners are most concerned about is the perspective of psychological need instead of physical security when they arrange seats in a banquet. The result is that the seat at the right side of the host is more honorable than the one on the left side in the widely recognized rule. 5. Different Consents in Chinese and Western Food Culture . 1 Different drink in Chinese and western food culture 5. 1. 1 Liquor and tea in Chinese food culture Liquor and tea are two kinds of main drinks in Han nationality. It is known to all that China is the hometown of tea, and one of the countries which invented the earliest brew technology in the world. Wine culture and tea culture have long history in China and they have become an essential part of Han national food culture in the past thousands of years. They greatly influ ence other countries all over the world. There are many kinds of tea and liquor in China.Different kinds of tea and liquor have different functions, so people drink different tea and liquor in different seasons to keep healthy. Normally, people drink three kinds of tea in four seasons. In spring and autumn, people drink tea, which was made of various flowers to make them more beautiful and active. In summer, green tea is the best choice. It is a special kind of healthy drink and has many unique functions, such as refreshing oneself, removing strain, preventing heatstroke, cooling, caring for eyes etc. Most people choose black tea in winter because it is fermenting and not belonging to cold.It can not only foster your stomach, promote digestion and your appetite but also help to strengthen the cardiac muscles. Chinese people always drink beer in hot summer and liquor in winter. Liquor has thousands of year’s history in China and it creates a unique style in the world. It is fr agrantly pure and has flavors. Drinking a small cup of liquor everyday could promote digestion, whet appetite and keeps one warm. 5. 1. 2 The wine and beer in western countries The grape wine and beer are common drink in western countries. People in some cold area even drink sherry everyday to keep themselves warm.In Britain, bars meet your eyes everywhere on the streets and become second living rooms. The British are experts in drinking and beer is their favorite drink. Normally, there are three kinds of beer which are divided by flavor: Bitter, Lager and Cider. In recent years, it has come into vogue to drink wine and the wine consumption in Britain is the greatest in the world. Simultaneously, juice is also a very popular drink in western countries. Usually people drink juice at breakfast. Juice gets unique welcome in Britain, the annual average consumption amounts to 19. 1 liters in Britain. 5. Different main food in Chinese and western food culture Rice and cooked wheaten food are two main staple foods in the Han nationality. The southern and northern regions cultivate rice, and rice has become the main nourishment in these areas. The northeast and northwest regions cultivate wheat and give first place to cooked wheaten food. Also, other kinds of cereals like maize, Kaoliang, grain, tuber crop have become staple food, in different areas as well as coarse cereals. The Han nationality’s staple foods have colorful and various cooking methods and has hundreds of kinds of rice and wheat products.Nowadays, the northeast regions in China still give first place to cooked wheaten food. Meat, milk and bread are the staple food in western countries. A common meal usually consists of soup, bread and butter. There are also various roasted foods besides the brown bread. Another staple food in Western countries is the potato. To westerners, potato is as important as rice to Chinese. You can often see that the British move packages of potatoes in shopping carts in the supermarket just like Chinese people buying rice. 5. 3 Different banquet course in Chinese and western food culture 5. 3. Banquet course in China Generally speaking, a formal banquet in China consists of six major courses served in turn, including a hand plate, cold dish, hot dish, staple food, soup and dessert. A hand plate is for the guests who come early. Traditionally, it usually consists of candied fruit, traditional cake, but now, tea and melon seeds. I have mentioned that lateness is the traditional time conception in China. The hand plate is made ready for the guests and host when they chat or play cards to wait for other guests. Cold dishes are often served as the beginning of a banquet, which usually consists of a ariety of small dishes and snacks. Actually, a cold dish is not for food but for beauty. Then, come the hot dishes, which are the most weighty and richest part of the whole. Staple food is also an indispensable component, which is rice or noodle in most case s. Soup is another important course. Unlike a western banquet, Chinese soup comes as a later course but not at first. Finally, comes dessert, which is composed of various finely made cakes, nuts, pastry, fruits etc. Only after the six courses are served will a formal Chinese banquet have come to an end.It is also interesting to note that different from Chinese banquets which tend to break up immediately after the last course is served, Westerners may linger for hours after the completed meal in elevated and animated discussions. 5. 3. 2 Banquet course in Western food culture A formal banquet in western countries usually comprises four major courses, including soup, a subsidiary dish, a main dish and dessert. Soup is the first course, probably because westerners want to refresh themselves with some soup before the meal, and taking soup will help to whet their appetites. The subsidiary dish is the second course.It is usually composed of various types of fish for fish is easy to digest . The main dish is a heavy weight in a Western banquet, and it is often composed of meat, especially beef sticks or fish together with vegetables. Salad, which is composed of lettuce, tomato, cucumber and asparagus etc. dessert come lastly. Western dessert includes all food after the main dish, such as cakes, biscuits, cheese, pies, pudding, fruits, ice cream etc. Sometimes, people drink coffee or tea with sugar and milk while they have dessert. 5. 4 Different tableware in Chinese and western food culture 5. 4. Chopsticks in Chinese food culture In China it is usually thought that people are an inherent part of nature. Many scholars pointed out that the traditional attitude of Chinese people toward universe or nature is â€Å"Oneness between Man and Nature. ( )† ( , 1997:59) Under the influence of this orientation, Chinese people attempt a balanced act with nature and try to live in harmony with it. China is also a traditionally agricultural country. Since Chinese people main ly live on rice and wheat as their staple food by cultivating the farmland, the harvest of the crops depends on nature.Therefore, in such cultural context and natural environment, people tend to live and work in peace. The application of chopsticks as the chief tableware can be traced back as early as the Shang and Chou periods, although hands were probably used more often than chopsticks (Chang, 1977:35). When Chinese people use chopsticks, they usually appear to be cultivated and their attitudes toward food are gentle and kind. Roland Barthes, a famous French literary critic, once talked about the usage of chopsticks, and he remarked that unlike fork and knife, chopsticks were not used to cut, poke or stab food.Therefore, â€Å"food was no longer the prey suffering the human beings’ violence but turned out to be the substance passed harmoniously through them. † ( , 2002:74) In this sense, chopsticks are the gentle medium between man and food, and they reflect the har monious relationship between man and nature. 5. 4. 2 Fork and knife in western food culture Many Westerners think that people are dominant over nature. Quite different from China, the ancestors of many western countries lived by hunting due to some ecological and historical factors. Of course, meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staple food.In order to survive in severe and harsh environments, they tried their best to be good at hunting, such as the use of some weapons like knives, forks and arrows etc to fight with or kill animals. That resulted in the aggressiveness and the adventurous sense in their temperaments. Compared with chopsticks, it is not exaggerating at all to say that knife and fork represent the violence and cruelty to food without any concealment. The way of eating in western countries actually reflects human’s conquest over nature. 5. 5 Different cuisine naming 5. 5. 1 Cuisine naming in China Cuisine naming in China differs from place to place.Generally speaking, there are three kinds of cuisine naming in China. The first cuisine naming method is, according to Professor Wang Fengxin’s research, the name of an ordinary Chinese dish usually contains four parts: main ingredients, subsidiary ingredients, way of cutting and way of cooking. They constitute the primary motivation of Chinese cuisine naming. (Wang, 1999:220) He also believes that the naming of Chinese home-style cuisine is based on the primary motivation. Take the Chinese cuisine â€Å" , Stir-fried Shredded Pork with Green Pepper† for example, its main raw material is â€Å"? ,pork†; its subsidiary raw material is â€Å" green pepper†; the result of cutting is â€Å"? , shred†, and its way of cooking is â€Å"? , stir-fried†. Certainly, not every Chinese cuisine naming should follow the pattern of â€Å"main ingredients—subsidiary ingredients— cutting method — cooking method†. Fo r example, â€Å" , Fried Scrambled Eggs with Tomato† is the pattern of â€Å"main ingredients—subsidiary ingredients— cooking method†. The second cuisine naming method is: usually, Chinese people eat for not only consumption but also many other purposes. In such a situation, they would like to have more refined and graceful names than the plain names for the food served.The secondary naming method consists of the initiator’s name, the animal’s name and the plant’s name. As a matter of fact, Chinese cuisine naming after initiator’s name usually involves much Chinese culture or historical information and the cuisine naming after the animal’s name or plant’s name may give rise to cultural implications. For example, Chinese people will naturally associate â€Å" , Dongpo Meat† with Su Dongpo, the initiator of this dish, who was a famous poet in Song Dynasty. It is said that Su Dongpo created this dish when he was relegated to a local government.He did many good things for the local people, so they decided to give the dish a name after him as a kind of commemoration. The cuisine â€Å" , Lotus Soup†, will remind Chinese people of lotus, which has been taken as a noble plant for its purity and freedom from dirt. Actually, it is a kind of soup which is made with eggs. In Chinese cuisine naming, â€Å" † stands for egg-white because of its shape and color. The third cuisine naming method is: in order to attract more customers, some restaurants or hotels give some common dishes very fantastic names, which originate from some Chinese legends or allusions.For example, the cuisine name â€Å" , Turtle and Chicken Meat† originates from a famous historical allusion in ancient times that a famous general was surrounded by his enemy and had to bid an emotional farewell to his beloved concubine. Although the name is really attractive, the content is nothing new at all. 5. 5. 2 Cu isine naming in western food culture The feature of cuisine naming in Western countries is straightforward, which is similar to the first cuisine naming method in China. Time is money in Western people’s eyes, and they think people should not waste too much time on trivial things like eating and dining.Therefore, from this point of view, the first and foremost requirement for the cuisine naming should be straightforward and simple. For example, â€Å"Black Pepper Steak, † , â€Å"Stewed Seafood Combination with Lobster Sauce, † etc. You can easily perceive the meaning of the cuisine and know what it is. Sometimes, even the name of some restaurants, such as â€Å"KFC† (Kentucky Fried Chicken) will reveal the information about the cuisine they serve. Undoubtedly, straightforwardness is much more suitable to the Westerners for their fast pace of cooking and living. 5. Different healthy conceptions in Chinese and western food culture 5. 6. 1 Healthy concepti on in Chinese food culture Chinese food and drink usually contains little sugar, which will not lead to getting fat. But there are more and more fat people in China while our living standard has improved. China enjoys a good reputation for its plentiful and splendid cuisine. Chinese people have many complex cooking methods, such as braising, boiling, braising with soy sauce, roasting, baking, grilling, scalding, deep-frying, steaming, drying, salt-preserving etc. (? ,? , ,? ,? ,? ,? ,? ,? ,? , and the Chinese cuisine is always exquisite and tastes excellent. But much nutrition is destroyed because of such complex cooking methods. Simultaneously, Chinese people share dishes when they have a meal. Everyone’s chopsticks touch the same dish and that highly increases the probability of hepatitis. 5. 6. 2 Healthy Conception in western food cultures Nutrition and balance are greatly cared for by westerners when they have a meal. An interesting phenomenon in western countries is the nutritional information on the food label, by which people’s concern about nutrition is clearly reflected.A look at information like the number of calories per serving, grams of fat, sodium, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk. In addition, the balance in diet structure is also essential to Westerners. Nowadays, more and more westerners are starting to worry about their weight for their diet containing too many calories. This is evident in menus in many restaurants offering â€Å"low calorie† or â€Å"weight watchers† meal. The vegetable and fruit salad served to westerners all year around because they have low calories and high vitamin.In conclusion, it is by the influence of pragmatism that westerners are inclined to take the food into consideration basically from the nutritional perspective. In their eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep health and thus what the westerners car e about most is the nutrition contained in food and the balance of the whole structure. When they have a meal, they use separate plates for each other, which usefully guard against the probability infection. 6. Conclusion By comparison and analysis we have made so far, one conclusion may be drawn that Chinese and Western food culture reflect each other’s cultures with their own unique features.They are neither superior nor inferior to the other and should deserve the same respect from each other. Certainly, for the process of globalization, Chinese and Western food cultures do not exist in isolation. It is well known that globalization has been becoming an inevitable trend around the world and an inexorable force to influence people’s life in almost every aspect. In other words, the wheel of human history has moved as inexorably forward from isolation to integration. Due to the open policy, Chinese people and Chinese culture have more and more chances of contact with f oreigners and foreign cultures.People of different cultures can learn from each other. When Chinese culture is learning or adopting something new or different from foreign cultures, we should remember that Chinese culture is also being learnt and adopted by them at the same time. A good case in point is that, nowadays, more and more people , especially the young people, have been fond of the typical western fast food like KFC or Macdonald’s, while on the other hand, more and more Chinese foods have been welcomed by foreigners, and it is said that where there are people, there are Chinese restaurants.In a word, Chinese and Western food culture will develop together by the cross-cultural communication. Bibliography [1] Chang, K. C. Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspective [M]. USA: The Vail-Ballou Press Inc. , 1977:35~304 [2] Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W. J. Foundations of Intercultural Communication [M]. USA: Allyn & Bacon Press, 1998: 3 [3] Hall, E. T. Beyond Culture [M]. New York: Anchor Books, 1989: 46 [4] Neuliep, J. W. Intercultural Communication: A Context Approach [M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000: 33 [5] Samovar, L. A. & Porter R. E.Intercultural Communication: A Reader [M]. USA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2000: 62 [6] Samovar, L. A. , Porter R. E. & Stefani L. A. Communication Between Cultures [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press, 2000:165 [7] Wang Fengxin. The Cultural Implication of the Chinese Cuisine Naming [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press, 1999: 220~222 [8] . [M]. : ,1999: 93 [9] . [M]. : , 1995: 59 [10] . [M]. : 2006: 203 [11] . —— [M]. : , 2002: 74 [12] . [M]. ,2004: 16 [13] , . [M]. : ,2006: 8 [14] . [OL]. http://www. wfcyw. com/cywh/yswh/ 200608/22. html, 2007-04-16/2007-05-4. [15] . [OL]. http://www. ilib. cn/A-bflc 2003 02028. html, 2007-03-16/2007-04-08. Acknowledgements The thesis has been completed. I want to express my g ratitude to my tutor *******. I received Mr. Zhang’s instruction in the writing of the thesis many times. I appreciate the tutor’s concentrated guidance and help not only in the selection of my title, required materials of the thesis, but also in the research writing.I can say that it is very difficult to have completed the thesis without his guidance. I wish to take this opportunity to express the hearty thanks to his advice. I want to express sincere gratitude to teachers and friends who cared about and supported my thesis. Here, I appreciate my classmates who helped out with my thesis. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Zhang again for his careful instruction of my thesis. ———————– Times New Roman? , , Times New Roman 1. 5 4-5 Times New Roman , Times New Roman â€Å"Key words:† , 1. 5 â€Å" :† , Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Tim es New Roman ( ); Times New Roman 1. 5 4~5 ( ) Times New Roman Times New Roman ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )? : , , ( ) Times New Roman 1. 5 Times New Roman Times New Roman 1. 5 4~5 Times New Roman

How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile Raffle Drawing!

How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile Raffle Drawing! How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile Raffle Drawing! Did you know that last week (February 9-15, 2015) was International Random Acts of Kindness Week? Neither did I, until a woman named Ann Terry Gilman from Germany purchased my LinkedIn e-book- 3 times! I wrote to Terry to find out whether she intended to purchase the book in triplicate, and she responded that no she did not, but would I please give away the two extra books to an organization in need- in honor of RAK week! Terry took the message of RAK to heart and I am happy to announce that The Essay Expert will be holding a drawing on March 1 for an organization to receive a free lifetime subscription to the PDF version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. If you know a job club or an educational institution that would benefit from the information in the 11th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, please send the following information to teesupport@theessayexpert.com: Name of contact person Name of organization/institution Description of the mission of the organization/institution Email address the book (and lifetime updates!) will go to We will hold a drawing for 2 winners on March 1, 2015 and the winners will be announced through my e-list! Random Acts of Kindness Life Of course now that I know last week was RAK week, I’m thinking about whether I do enough RAKs in my life. Last week, one day I brought a smoothie to a friend who is a nurse and would miss dinner that day due to working long hours. I tried a new salmon recipe. I drove to Chicago to see people in my class person instead of attending, as I usually do, on the phone. I made 50 phone calls for people to assist on the Transform Training while the other people in my group were making 15-20 calls each. I brought my teddy bear to yoga class and talked to people I would not normally have talked to. I did all these things without knowing it was RAK week! Did you perform random acts of kindness last week too? Here are some ideas: Feel free to take these ideas and run with them on any day or week of the year! When recently have you put a smile on someone’s face or contributed to a good cause? Please share about it below! And if you know of an organization who would benefit from a lifetime subscription to How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, remember to send their name, organization name, organization mission, and e-mail address to teesupport@theessayexpert.com! Category:Archived ArticlesBy Brenda BernsteinFebruary 23, 2015 1 Comment David Walker says: February 24, 2015 at 10:48 pm Dear Brenda, Contact: Melinda Organisation: Counselling @ Macquarie University Mission: The Student Counselling Team at Macquarie University has a focus on helping students go into/return to the work-place and the Team (Melinda) made it clear that LinkedIn has to be an essential and effective part of my job-seeking strategy. eMail: Counselling@mq.edu.au I purchased your eBook (.pdf) yesterday following an extensive research exercise based upon Melindas advice and I am working my way through your great guidance to update my LinkedIn profile prior to sending out job applications (Ive temporarily turned off access until I make significant (it is a re-write job) changes to that profile. Thank you for some great advice. Ive now established profile access as: linkedin.com/in/davidjwalker01 and a separate complementary job-seeking email address: davidjwalker01@bigpond.com Thanks and great advising David Walker david.walker1@students.mq.edu.au Log in to Reply

How Conservatives Think About Race in America

How Conservatives Think About Race in America When it comes to how conservatives think about race in America, no issue provides a clearer picture of their perspective than affirmative action. Conservatives see the issue very differently than liberals. While liberals believe affirmative action programs create opportunities for disadvantaged minorities where they didnt previously exist, conservatives believe these programs actually serve to foster racism by denying opportunities to others who are equally qualified. Further, most affirmative action programs address specific minorities, while alienating others. From a conservative perspective, this creates tension and undermines the ideal of racial equality. Conservatives are much less apt to adopt sympathetic attitudes toward minorities on the basis of their race alone. Conservatives assume racial equality exists to begin with and base their policies on that assumption. Therefore, when it comes to an issue like hate crimes, for example, conservatives disagree with the notion entirely.If some unconscionable crime is perpetrated upon someone based on that persons ethnicity, conservatives dont believe the victim should receive more justice because of it. The idea of more or less justice doesnt make sense to conservatives, since they believe there can only be one form of justice, applied equally to everyone. If the same unconscionable crime is perpetrated upon someone based on that persons financial circumstances, for example, that victim should be no less entitled to the same pursuit of justice. A crime is a crime, regardless of the motivation behind it.Conservatives believe that affirmative action programs and hate crime legislation often do more harm to the pursuit of racial harmony than good. These types of legislative programs might serve to build resentment outside the particular minority community they serve, which, in turn, promotes the very disharmony they are designed to circumvent.When attention is spent on race, conservatives believe no good can come from it.

Punctuation Tips Using Quotation Marks - Proofed

Punctuation Tips Using Quotation Marks - Proofed Punctuation Tips: Using Quotation Marks Quotation marks play a vital role in many types of writing. This is especially true of academic work, where you’ll often need to quote a source to provide evidence for your arguments. These things. However, the rules for how quotation marks should be used in formal writing can be complicated. As such, we’ve prepared this quick guide to using these punctuation marks. Direct Quotation and Dialogue When quoting a source in a paper, the quoted text should be enclosed within double quotation marks (â€Å" †): According to Sartre (1969, p.30), â€Å"Every conscious existence exists as consciousness of existing.† Note that a citation is given here. In an academic context, this is crucial when quoting a source. In other forms of writing, such as fiction, quotation marks can indicate speech: â€Å"What a lovely day,† muttered Sally, her voice dripping sarcasm. While double quotation marks are the norm in American English, keep in mind that single quotation marks (‘ ’) are more common in British English. If you’re not sure which kind to use, check your school/publisher’s style guide. Quotations within Quotations The only time single quotation marks (also known as inverted commas) are conventionally used in American English is when quoting text that already contains quotation marks: Sartre (1969, p.504) states that â€Å"assertions such as ‘I am ugly,’ ‘I am stupid,’ etc.† are anticipatory by nature. Here, â€Å"I am ugly† and â€Å"I am stupid† are placed within single quotation marks because they were within quotation marks in the original source. This helps ensure clarity. Capitalization and Punctuation You might have noticed that the quotes above use different styles of capitalization and punctuation. This depends on what you’re quoting and how it’s framed by the sentence. The rule here is generally to capitalize the first word when quoting a complete sentence, but not when quoting part of a larger sentence: Full sentence: He told me, â€Å"You’re not listening.† Then he left. Partial quotation: He said I was â€Å"not listening,† and then he left. The other difference you can see in these examples regards using a comma to introduce a quotation. If a quotation follows naturally from the rest of the sentence, no comma is required: No comma: He said that â€Å"The sky is blue.† Mostly blue, anyway. However, if there would usually be a pause in the sentence, a comma might be required. This is common when a quotation follows a phrase like â€Å"he said† or â€Å"she said†: Comma required: He said, â€Å"The sky is blue.† More generally, American English places commas and periods inside quotation marks even if they weren’t part of the original quotation. For other punctuation marks, such as question marks, it depends on whether they were part of the original text: Part of quoted text: She asked, â€Å"What color is the sky?† Not part of quoted text: Did you just say that â€Å"the sky is blue†? Scare Quotes Finally, sometimes quotation marks are used to indicate use of a non-standard term or to suggest skepticism or irony when we don’t agree with how a term has been used: He’s not a gangster; if you value your health, he’s a â€Å"businessman.† My family have been in business for years. However, it’s best to use scare quotes sparingly in academic writing, as they’re often misused.

Corporate Social Responsibility Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Assignment Example Some of the products from the company include switches and routers, network security software Intel Protocol (IP) equipment as well as storage networking, optical transport devices. Nonetheless, the company runs a Research and Development Centre in Ontario and some of the customers of Cisco Systems include all businesses, providers of telecommunication services, schools, and government agencies (Cisco Systems Canada Co, 2015) . In addition, Cisco Systems Canada is a subsidiary company of Cisco Systems that is headquartered in California (Cisco, 2015). Cisco has a unique approach to CSR where the focus is to use expertise, partnerships, and technology in creating a positive impact worldwide. The company believes that social and environmental responsibility benefits people, the planet and very crucial in ensuring sustainability in business. Brazil lists among the countries that are successfully emerging from the global recession implying that the countrys economy is growing, and this explains the declining unemployment rates (Cisco, 2015). However, the country still records high crime rates owing to lack of education where teenagers choose to join youth gangs as the only way to survive. In most residents in Brazil, young people are missing out on their dreams to become better people in the future because they lack knowledge and skills (BBC NEWS, 2015). To address the situation, relevant stakeholders need to increase the resident’s access education by improving the learning sector. On the contrary, Brazil continues to attract foreign investment with multinational companies focusing on how to benefit from the growing market. In this case, company’s Cisco operates in the country but has been able to engage in corporate social responsibility projects to improve accessibility to learning in the country (Cisco, 2015). In Brazil, SOS Children Villages was initiated to shelter children who were at personal and social risks as well as empowering

Battle of San Jacinto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Battle of San Jacinto - Essay Example The researcher states that many American immigrants had migrated to Mexican Texas with full backing by the Mexican government near the beginning of the Mexican Independence. These immigrants started to rise up against the Mexican government in 1835 when the government of Santa Anna declared dictatorship rule over the country. Gradually, Texans formed a provisional government and started a movement for independence. This movement for independence was supported by many Americans, who volunteered to help the Texans in this movement. An army was formed by the help of these volunteers. In 1836 Santa Anna entered Texas with his army to take back its territory and put it back under the control of Mexico. Two battles were fought at Alamo and Goliad. Both of these battles were won by the Mexican army and a large number of Texan army was slaughtered brutally. After these two battles general Houston led his army against the army of Santa Anna near the river of San Jacinto in Texas. General Hous ton proved to be a very sharp and far sighted leader. The number of men in the Mexican army was already more than that of the Texan army and Houston did not want to give time to Santa Anna to call for more troops. Due to this reason he decided to execute a surprise attack against the Mexicans. This was a major risk on General Houston’s part because in this plan most of his army would be exposed to the Mexicans. On the other hand a critical mistake was made by the Mexican leader Santa Anna, in his confidence gained by the last two wins; he did not pay much attention to this battle and failed to post lookouts for any surprise attacks by the Texan army. This surprise attack by the Texan army was conducted in the evening of 21st April. The Texan army moved forward without getting caught by the Mexican army because their approach was hidden by trees and the uneven ground. Havoc reigns on the enemy as the Texian cavalry attack their stunned counterparts with slashing sabers (McDona ld, McCord & Haas 2008). This thing worked in the favour of the Texans because Santa Anna had not sent any men for lookouts. The bridge on the river was cut off by the Texans so that no retreats or reinforcements were possible. This was for both the armies because now the only way out of this was the ten feet deep water. The Texan infantry was led by General Houston himself. It was a well planned attack and the Mexican army was completely surrounded by the attackers. The Texan army had two artillery weapons called the twin sisters which were given to them by the city of Cincinnati. These weapons were placed in the battle and were of great help. It was a completely silent attack and the Texan forces did not reveal themselves until they were a few yards away from the Mexican army camps and then charged. They charged while shouting different slogans of â€Å"Remember Goliad† and â€Å"Remember Alamo†. The Texan army started firing at the surprised Mexicans. The Mexican ar my was not prepared for this kind of attack by its opponents and was completely taken by surprise. Most of the Mexican army was resting or asleep after building fortifications. Some of them were gone to gather woods while some of the others were fetching water at the time of the attack. The unarmed Mexicans had no choice but to ran and a complete chaos was created in the Mexican